Here are some significant judgments from the Supreme Court and High Court of India between 1947 and 1960 concerning Article 12 of the Constitution of India:
University of Madras vs. Shanta Bai (1950)
Context: Shanta Bai was denied admission to a state-funded university in Madras on grounds of gender discrimination. Issue: Whether the University of Madras qualifies as a "State" under Article 12. Judgment: The Madras High Court held that the University of Madras does not qualify as a "State" under Article 12, applying the doctrine of "ejusdem generis" (of similar nature).
Mohammad Yasin vs. Town Area Committee (1952)
Issue: Determination of what constitutes a "local authority." Judgment: The Supreme Court laid down criteria for identifying a "local authority," including legal recognition, operational independence, defined geographic area, elected representation, autonomy, and capacity to raise funds through taxes or rates.
These cases helped define the scope of Article 12, ensuring that only entities performing governmental or sovereign duties fall under its purview.
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