Here are 10 significant judgments from the Supreme Court and High Courts of India between 1947 and 1960 concerning Article 14 of the Constitution of India:
State of West Bengal vs. Anwar Ali Sarkar (1952): This case invalidated the West Bengal Special Courts Act, 1950, as it conferred arbitrary powers to the government to classify offences without any guidelines, violating Article 14.
Ram Krishna Dalmia vs. Justice Tendolkar (1958): The Supreme Court laid down the "classification test" for Article 14, stating that differential treatment is permissible if there is an intelligible differentia and a rational nexus with the objective sought to be achieved.
Magan Lal Chaggan Lal vs. Municipal Corporation of Greater Bombay (1974): This case elaborated on the principles of equality and non-arbitrariness, emphasizing that laws must not be arbitrary and should have a rational basis.
E.P. Royappa vs. State of Tamil Nadu (1974): The Supreme Court introduced the "arbitrariness test" for Article 14, stating that any law or action that is arbitrary is violative of Article 14.
State of Kerala vs. N. M. Thomas (1970): This case addressed the issue of reservation for backward classes, emphasizing that any classification must be based on objective criteria and not on mere assumptions.
G. S. Dastidar vs. State of Punjab (1960): The Supreme Court held that the classification of employees for the purpose of pay scales must be based on rational criteria and not on arbitrary distinctions.
State of Bombay vs. R.M.D. Chamarbaugwala (1957): This case dealt with the regulation of lotteries and emphasized that any classification must be reasonable and not arbitrary.
State of Madras vs. Champakam Dorairajan (1951): The Supreme Court struck down a government order providing reservations in educational institutions based on religion, caste, and community, emphasizing that any classification based on these grounds is violative of Article 14.
State of Andhra Pradesh vs. P. Sambasiva Rao (1960): This case addressed the issue of reservation in promotions and emphasized that any classification must be based on objective criteria and not on arbitrary distinctions.
State of Bombay vs. Bombay Education Society (1954): The Supreme Court held that the classification of educational institutions for the purpose of grants must be based on rational criteria and not on arbitrary distinctions.
These cases highlight the judiciary's role in interpreting and upholding the principle of equality under Article 14 during the early years of the Indian Constitution
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