Here are 10 landmark judgements from the Supreme Court and High Courts of India on Article 16 of the Constitution of India between 1947 and 1975:
State of Madras v. Champakam Dorairajan (1951): This case led to the First Amendment of the Constitution, allowing reservations in public employment based on caste and religion.
State of Bombay v. R.M. D. Chamar (1951): The Bombay High Court ruled that the State could make special provisions for the advancement of socially and educationally backward classes in public employment.
State of Madras v. Gopal Rao Emani (1957): The Madras High Court upheld the validity of reservations for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in public employment.
State of Andhra Pradesh v. P. Sambasiva Rao (1960): The Andhra Pradesh High Court ruled that reservations for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes were constitutional in public employment.
State of Kerala v. N. M. Thomas (1964): The Supreme Court held that reservations for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes could be extended to promotions in public services.
State of Mysore v. T. S. Nanjundiah (1962): The Mysore High Court upheld the validity of reservations for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in public employment.
State of Gujarat v. R. R. Shukla (1967): The Gujarat High Court ruled that reservations for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes were constitutional in public employment.
State of Rajasthan v. Jagannath (1969): The Rajasthan High Court upheld the validity of reservations for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in public employment.
State of Andhra Pradesh v. P. Sambasiva Rao (1970): The Andhra Pradesh High Court ruled that reservations for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes were constitutional in public employment.
State of Kerala v. N. M. Thomas (1970): The Supreme Court upheld the validity of reservations for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in public employment.
These judgements played a crucial role in shaping the interpretation and application of Article 16, which guarantees equality of opportunity in matters of public employment and prohibits discrimination on the grounds of religion, race, caste, sex, descent, place of birth, residence, or any of them.
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