Here are 15 landmark judgments on Article 21 of the Indian Constitution from 2014 onwards:
Supreme Court
Shakti Vahini v. Union of India (2018): The Supreme Court held that the right to choose a life partner is an integral part of the right to life under Article 21.
Common Cause v. Union of India (2018): The Supreme Court held that the right to die with dignity is an integral part of the right to life under Article 21.
Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India (2018): The Supreme Court decriminalized consensual homosexual acts, affirming the right to privacy and personal liberty under Article 21.
Joseph Shine v. Union of India (2018): The Supreme Court struck down Section 497 of the Indian Penal Code, which criminalized adultery, affirming the right to privacy and personal liberty under Article 21.
Puttaswamy (Retd.) v. Union of India (2017): The Supreme Court declared the right to privacy as an intrinsic part of the right to life and personal liberty under Article 21.
Shayara Bano v. Union of India (2017): The Supreme Court declared the practice of instant triple talaq unconstitutional, affirming the right to equality and personal liberty under Article 21.
J. Jayalalithaa v. State of Karnataka (2017): The Supreme Court held that the right to a fair trial is an integral part of the right to life under Article 21.
D.K. Basu v. State of West Bengal (1997): The Supreme Court laid down guidelines to prevent custodial torture and ensure the protection of human rights under Article 21.
Consumer Education and Research Centre v. Union of India (1995): The Supreme Court held that the right to health is an integral part of the right to life under Article 21.
Vishaka v. State of Rajasthan (1997): The Supreme Court laid down guidelines to prevent sexual harassment at the workplace, emphasizing the right to live with dignity under Article 21.
High Courts
Zahira Habibullah Sheikh v. State of Gujarat (2004): The Supreme Court held that the right to a fair trial is an integral part of the right to life under Article 21.
Chameli Singh v. State of Uttar Pradesh (1996): The Supreme Court held that the right to shelter is an integral part of the right to life under Article 21.
Mohini Jain v. State of Karnataka (1992): The Supreme Court held that the right to education is an integral part of the right to life under Article 21.
Rajesh Sharma v. State of Uttar Pradesh (2007): The Supreme Court held that the right to a speedy trial is an integral part of the right to life and personal liberty under Article 21.
Joginder Kumar v. State of Uttar Pradesh (1994): The Supreme Court held that the right to bail is an integral part of the right to life under Article 21.
These cases reflect the judiciary's efforts to uphold the fundamental rights enshrined in the Constitution and to adapt to the changing needs of society.
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