Constitution of Bharat: Union and Its Territory: Judgments: Part I

 Here are 10 landmark judgments related to Part I of the Constitution of India between 1950 and 1976:

1. Champakam Dorairajan v. State of Madras (1951)

• Significance: The Supreme Court struck down caste-based reservations, leading to the First Amendment of the Constitution.

2. Romesh Thappar v. State of Madras (1950)

• Significance: The Court struck down a ban on dissenting media under the Madras Maintenance of Public Order Act, 1949, emphasizing the importance of free speech.

3. State of Madras v. Gopal Reddy (1957)

• Significance: The Court held that the state cannot interfere with the religious practices of individuals unless it is necessary for public order, morality, or health.

4. State of Bombay v. Bombay Education Society (1954)

• Significance: The Court ruled that the state cannot compel religious institutions to admit non-believers, upholding the right to religious freedom.

5. State of West Bengal v. Subodh Kumar Sen (1954)

• Significance: The Court held that the state cannot interfere with the internal management of religious institutions unless it is necessary for public order, morality, or health.

6. Commissioner, Hindu Religious Endowments v. Sri Lakshmindra Thirtha Swamiar of Mysore (1954)

• Significance: The Court ruled that the state can regulate religious endowments to ensure their proper management and use.

7. State of Madhya Pradesh v. Gopal Narayan (1969)

• Significance: The Court held that the state can regulate religious practices if they are harmful to public order, morality, or health.

8. Golaknath v. State of Punjab (1967)

• Significance: The Court held that Parliament cannot amend fundamental rights, establishing the principle of the basic structure of the Constitution.

9. Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala (1973)

• Significance: The Court held that Parliament can amend any part of the Constitution, provided it does not alter the basic structure.

10. Indira Gandhi v. Raj Narain (1975)

• Significance: The Court struck down the 39th Amendment, which sought to protect the Prime Minister's election from judicial review, emphasizing the importance of judicial review and democracy.

These cases highlight the evolving interpretation of Part I of the Constitution and the balance between individual rights and state power.